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English text생각/사료 2020. 6. 13. 20:37
As disasters go, this one was terrible, but not unique, certainly not among the worst on the roster of U.S. air crashes. There was the unusual element of the bridge, of course, and the fact that the plane clipped it at a moment of high traffic, one routine thus intersecting another and disrupting both. Then, too, there was the location of the event. Washington, the city of form and regulations, turned chaotic, deregulated, by a blast of real winter and a single slap of metal on metal. The jects from Washington National Airport that normally swoop around the presidential monuments like famished gulls are, for the moment, emblemized by the one that fell; so there is that detail. And there was the aesthetic clash as well - blue-and-green Air Florida, the name a flying garden, sunk down among gray chunks in a black river. All that was worth noticing, to be sure. Still, there was nothing very special in any of it, except death, which, while always special, does not necessarily bring millions to tears or to attention. Why, then, the shock here? Perhaps because people saw in it no failure at all, but rather something successful about their makeup. Here, after all, were two forms of nature in collision: the elements and human character. Last Wednesday, the elements, indifferent as ever, brought down Flight 90.
This above all: To thine own self be true. But the very best things said often slip out completely unheralded, preceded by, "Oh, by the way." when Polonius had finished giving all that fatherly advice to his son.
You're being flung into a world that's running about as smoothly as a car with square wheels. Where the central image of the day is a terrorist one: humane concerns inhumanely expressed. And the only response to his is impotent fury. If you weren't a little uncertain. I'd be nervous for you.
If you really want to grapple with absurdity, try understanding how people can be capable of both nurture and torture, can worry and get over a little girl caught in a mine shaft, yet destroy a village and everyone in it with hardly the blink of an eye. You can try to stop the next war now, before it starts, to keep old men from sending children away to die.
I can see your brow knitting in that way that I love. That crinkle between your eyebrows that signals your doubt and your skepticism. Why - on a day of such excitement and hope - should I be talking of absurdity and nothingness? Because i want you to focus that hope and level that excitement into coherent rays that will strike like a laser at the targets of our discontent. I want you to be potent; to do good when you can, and to hold your wit and your intelligence like a shield against other people's wantonness. I want you to be everything that's you, deep at the center of your being. I want you to have chutzpah. Have the nerve to go into unexplored territory. Well, those are my parting words as today's door closes softly between us.
Sartre was known chiefly as an existentialist, the popular but imprecise label for a mood as well as a movement among modern European thinkers in the period shaped by two world wars. Existentialists stressed the anxious individuals' search for meaning and personal integrity in a world that provided no coherent explanation of what things are in themselves or why anything-including man-should
exist.Sartre was known chiefly as an existentialist, the popular but imprecise label for a mood as well as a movement among modern European thinkers in the period shaped by two world wars. Existentialists stressed the anxious individuals' search for meaning and personal integrity in a world that provided no coherent explanation of what things are in themselves or why anything-including man-should exist.
Sartre built his existentialist philosophy on the notion that "existence precedes essence," that man has no nature which defines who he is or what he must do. On the contrary, each person must define himself for himself, from moment to moment, by making choices and living with the results. He regarded life as a never-ending process of self-creation in which the present cancels out the past and the future erases the present. To allow others-a spouse, an enemy or society-to define us is to become guilty of "bad faith" toward one's self. Thus, as he suggested in his famous play "No Exit," "Hell is other people."
Sartre in effect dictated the terms in which he himself was to be understood. I have no superego. In his psychological explorations, Sartre drew a sharp Cartesian distinction between the massive, unknowable world of external things and the fluid, everchanging inner world of human consciousness.
a full-blown ontology, angst-ridden and despairing.
he dramatized anxiety.
Indeed, much of Sartre's literary work seems in retrospect to have been aimed at jarring the complacency of the bourgeoisie.
1) His one fundamental interest was to discover and propagate a general method by which men might gain scientific knowledge of the ultimate laws and structure of matter, and might thus acquire ever-increasing practical control over nature.
2) In order to do this he must be ready to turn a blind eye to their vices and follies, to humour their whims, and to play upon their weaknesses by flattery.
3) Bacon was nothing if not thorough, and he analyzed and practised with his usual acuteness and assiduity the arts of worldly success.
4) He started by seeking wealth and power wholly, or at any rate mainly, as a means to a high impersonal end, but gradually slipped into pursuing them for their own sake.
5) He was seen through and distrusted much more than he realised.
6) If we are to appreciate Bacon's originality, farsightedness and breadth of vision and be fair to his limitations and mistakes, we must see him against the background of the science of his own day and not against that of ours.
Chemistry, as a science and not a mere set of recipes, did not come into existence for another hundred and fifty years.
quintessence
men were at the mercy of local and seasonal food shortages and glutes, and were periodically decimated by epidemics, whose causes they did not understand and which they had no rational means of combating.
Bacon was impressed by this impotence and its evil consequence, and he could not be expected to foresee, what we have learned since, that men can bring even greater evils upon themselves by abusing the power which science gives them than they suffered when they were powerless in the face of natural forces.
Now Bacon was completely convinced that the ignorance of nature and the consequent lack of power over nature, which had prevailed from the earliest times up to his day, were by no means inevitable.
They sprang, not from any fundamental imperfection in the human mind nor from lawlessness or inextricable complexity in nature, but simply and solely from the use of a wrong method.
He felt sure that he knew the right method, and that, if only this could be substituted and applied on a large enough scale, there was no limit to the possible growth of human knowledge and human power over nature. It was, on the contrary, a most remarkable feat of insight and an act of rational faith in the face of present appearances and past experience. What was wrong with the methods in use up to Bacon's time? Planty of experiments a kind had been done, and a certain number of disconnected empirical rules or recipes had been discovered. They did their experiments with some immediate practical and in view. They did not seek to discover the all-pervading laws and the minute structure of matter. Bacon valued science both as an end in itself and for the immense power over nature which he believed that it could give. He thought that the failure of contemporary physics to have any useful practical applications was a sign that it was on the wrong track. Let them concentrate, he thought, on discovering by suitably designed experiments and appropriate reasoning the fundamental laws and structure of nature. Then, and only then, could they make innumerable practical applications with complete certainty of success.
Using these as premises, they proceeded to deduce conclusions about nature and to hold elaborate wrangles with each other by means of Aristotle's favourite form of reasoning, which is called the 'syllogism.'
to put it familiarly, it rather 'went to his head'
What was wanted was a method by which we could slowly and cautiously rise from observed facts to wider and deeper generalisations, testing every such generalisation at each stage by deliberately looking out for possible exceptions to it, and rejecting or modifying it if we actually found such exceptions.
Perhaps his greatest service here was to show the importance of testing every generalisation by devising and performing experiments which would refute it if the result turned out in a certain way, and would confirm it if the result turned out in a certain other way.
Bacon realised that every man inherits or acquires certain mental kinks, of which he is generally quite unaware. These tend to lead us astray in our thinking, and we need to be put on our guard against them. Bacon calls 'Idols of the Theatre', he enumerates three others, 'Idols of the Tribe' are certain unfortunate mental tendencies common to the whole human race: for instance, the tendency to notice facts which support one's beliefs and fall in with one's wishes, and to ignore or pervert those which do not.
These are sources of error or bias which are peculiar to each individual, depending on his particular temperament and the special circumstances of his upbringing.
His service to science was to criticise the existing bad methods, to try to formulate the methods which should be substituted for them, and to paint a glowing picture of the power which men might acquire by such means over nature. Perhaps his main defect here was his failure to see the enormously important part which mathematics was to play in the development of science. He clothed his thought in a garment of wit and wisdom which makes his writings one of the glories of English literature.'생각 > 사료' 카테고리의 다른 글
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